Social Constructs :: Sociology

Social Construct influences the extent in which we are healthy and physically active. It determines how we use health services, recreational facilities and sporting opportunities to our benefits. It also guides our response to health and physical activity challenges and how an individual views health as a social construct. The advantages of viewing health of an individual through social constructs have many reasons. Some being that it supports principles of diversity and social justice. Australia is diverse in terms of multiculturalism, socio-economic status and geographic location. Socio-economic status relates how much the individuals income is, their employment status, car/home ownership or their knowledge about health. Being geographically isolated means not having access to available health services. It is taken into account so that the individual has a sense of belonging and empowerment to improve their health. The individual should have a supportive environment so that changes can occur for the better and to ensure the individual develops a sense of ownership for their health. Another advantage would be that is recognises the interrelationships between socio-cultural and environmental factors that influence social constructs. Many cultural and environmental factors impact and influence in individual?s health. Some of these may include, the climatic conditions, physical environment which influences the health of the individual and what society and culture expects of them. Climatic conditions can have a big impact of an individual?s health because of the decreasing amount of space to do physical activity. Final advantage is that it challenges the notion that health is solely an individual?s responsibility. For improvements to be made in health, the individual has to take full responsibility and to agree that they are to be blamed for their poor health levels. Through influences of social constructs the individual should make informed decisions regarding their health and should be more motivated to facilitate change.

Global Resource Dividend

Pogge argues that the world poverty is morally required and that we fail to fulfill our negative duties relating the global poor. However, Pogge’s advisability on the solution of the global poverty is not good for moral problem but this view will be discussed some other time on a different paper. Poggie gives three main approaches to the global poverty to convince people to let them know that poverty is bad and that people must make actions to go against the poverty.The three approaches are 1) the effects of shared institutions, 2) uncompensated exclusion from the use of natured resources 3) the effects of a common and violent history and they are all compatible with each other. They basically require that better off people are responsible to make actions to make worse off people better. Throughout this essay, I will be defending and focusing on the view of injustice of radical inequality which not only does it exist but also is unjust. This view goes with the Second approach, which is compatible with redeems, and the rest of the approaches will be left for another time.Poverty is avoidable but there are many moral reasons we can prevent or make the poverty that we have on earth less. Radical inequality and responsibility are part of the many reasons why people face poverty in the world. Pogge gives five elements of the radical inequality, which each are defined below. 1) â€Å"The worse-off are very badly off in absolute terms†- People who belong to this term are not comparable to anybody. They are extremely bad off. They almost have no access to anything; healthcare, food, etc which lead to a death. Why do we have such big groups of people in this term?First, because of the government, institutions and the people themselves. Government does not support those poor people as much as they should. Government does not provide health care for this people. Government does not give enough food for this people. Government does not make enough actions to become powerful. Why? Because the leaders get the money and be better off by themselves. Not only does the government affects this poverty but also the people have no motivation to become better off. Since their lives are horrible, some people give up on their lives and become unmotivated. ) They are also very badly off in relative term-Africa is an example of this term, which they are worse off than America. Some kids are born in a poor family and they continue to be poor for the rest of their lives in Africa. Because of the parents are poor, they don’t usually do better than how their parents do. Kids are unable to go to school to get an education, which an education is actually the key to a better life. Since they don’t get a chance to go to school, kids work under harsh conditions in absolute terms.Whereas, the kids in the US are better off than those in Africa. They go to college, get an education and try to achieve success. They have the base for a better life. H owever, the kids in Africa don’t even have the base to live better off. 3) â€Å"The inequality is impervious: it is difficult or impossible for the worse-off substantially to improve their lot; and most of the better-off never experience life at the bottom for even a few months and have no vivid idea of what it is like to live in that way† (Pogge, pg 60)- This is very true.First, nothing improves rapidly, usually takes certain time to become better. Africa is the example of that as well. If Africa gets a donation on the amount of preventing its poverty, it doesn’t mean they will totally become a better off nation. They will more likely face the poverty again in the next few years. In order to understand this term, the better off people should imagine putting themselves in worse off people’s situation and think how it would be like for them. For example, my father was in a worse off life when he was very young. He had 4 sisters and a brother.My grandmothe r raised all of them by herself since my grandfather passed away at an age of 33. They were all raised in poverty. My dad hated to live in that situation so he tried so hard to get over that horrible poverty. My dad always tells his young life story to us which he would go mountains to pick some onions and sell it to the people at the market. Poverty is avoidable, it in one point depends on the person whether he will walk forward or stay poor. Therefore, from my father’s true story, I kind of have sense of how bad the poverty is and that we must follow our positive duty. ) â€Å"The inequality is pervasive: it concerns not merely some aspects of life, such as the climate or access to natural beauty or high culture, but most aspects or all†. (Poggie, pg 60) 5) â€Å"The inequality is avoidable: the better off can improve the circumstances of the worse-off without becoming badly-off themselves. †. (Poggie, pg 60). Yes, the inequality is avoidable. However, people who have a better life than those worse-off should take responsibility to make worse off a better off. Every human kind should live fairly. There should not be inequality among us.For example, today I was in my Environmental Studies class and there was the fact that Canada has 0. 5% of the world’s population but uses 20% of the world’s fresh water. On the other hand, China owns 19% of the world’s population and uses 7% of the world’s fresh water. We definitely can see the inequality here that makes Pogge’s 5th element of radical inequality accurate. Radical inequality not only does it exist, but also it is unjust. According to Pogge’s research, among six billion human beings, 790 million lack adequate nutrition, one billion lack access to safe water, 2. billion lack basic sanitation and two hundred and fifty million children who are between 5-14 years old work under harsh or cruel conditions. (Pogge, pg 60). Pogge gives two ways of conceivin g global poverty, which are positive duty and negative duty. Positive duty is basically when we think that we must make actions for others whereas negative duty is we must not make actions for others. If we are better off, we have to follow the positive duty to make others who are worse off to make them better off without hurting ourselves.In Africa, some people don’t even have an access to fresh water whereas we, in the US, waste the fresh water a lot by not knowing its beneficent value. Instead of wasting that valuable water, why don’t we let those worse off use it? We are all living under the same God, thus we have to live evenly. However, some will think, why should I have to help a stranger and give away from my own life to someone who doesn’t belong to me at all? This is not the case and that the person is violating the positive duty. Helping someone in need is not just helping; we make a whole difference to his life.If we put ourselves in that person†™s shoes; can’t drink fresh water, no opportunity to work, always stay starving, always distressed, can’t even sleep restfully, and so much more negative things, it is totally horrible and no one would want to live in that situation. Therefore, the stranger or whatever is not the case. We have to make actions for poor to make them better off by thinking what if it was we who lived in that situation. Radical inequality is unjust and it is wrong. The better off people have been taken more than their fair share.If there is a full of diamond inside the cave and that doesn’t belong to anybody, the better off try to take all of them, instead trying to share with other worse off people. It doesn’t mean that they can’t take what they want, but they also have to leave some for others as well so that the other people can live better than living worse off. In that way, the worse will not be living unjustly badly off. A better off and a worse off stand in fr ont of the giant box with a full of jewelries and that the better off grabs them all, giving nothing to a worse off.The rich guy will keep it and die at the end by only living better off by himself. The worse off ends up starving and suffering. Instead of that, if the better off also gives some from the jewelries to the worse off, then he will keep the poor from suffer and starvation by not hurting himself. Therefore, if someone is not becoming worse off himself, then he must make actions to share with the worse off. Radical Inequality exists all over the world and it is bad. The people in Bengali suffer from hunger or chronic undernutrition because they cannot grow or buy enough food to meet their basic needs.In addition, those people suffer from chronic malnutrition, which is a deficiency of protein that makes them weak and vulnerable to diseases. Due to that, 250,000-500,000 children who are younger than 6 years old go blind every year because of a lack of Vitamin A and more than half of those kids die after a year. On the other hand, 68% of the Americans are overweight and they have problems with overnutririon, which happens due to an excessive energy use, or body fat. In the world, approximately, 925 million people have health problems because of not enough nutrition, whereas about 1. billion people face health problems because they get excessive nutrition and fat. Therefore, those who are under overnutrition die due to heart diseases, stroke etc. The injustice of the inequality is definitely shown in this example and we can see how bad it is. Instead, why not overnutrition people make actions for those undernutrition people, because the overnutrition people are not hurting or becoming worse off by themselves but helping to get healthier. This is the part of the current situations that are taking place in the world and is unjust.I am going to convince you by giving my claim that why you should give away to the worse off to make them better off. It is the responsibility of the better offs to make worse off to live better and the better off people must consider this seriously. Since the better off owns what is not owned by anybody by not leaving some for the worse off, then they must take responsibiltity for the worse off or take only some from their fair shares. Why judge a poor by lazy? People in Africa are not lazy but they do not have the base to live better.Due to the famine, a lot of people get serious diseases and become disabled to work. It doesn’t mean they are lazy to work. They don’t get enough health care to prevent their diseases or have good hospitals that make treatments for them. Africa doesn’t even get enough access to a freshwater for all their citizens. Whereas, people in Canada, America waste the water while brushing their tooth, having shower, or even watering their gardens. As I mentioned above, Canada owns only 0. 5% of the world’s population but uses 20% of the world’s fresh w ater.Instead, people in Canada must take responsibility to reduce their use of fresh water and let the worse off use it efficiently. People in well-developed countries just don’t really know the value of the water and also because the government does not charge the water with its external costs, people think that the water is there all the time they need and they don’t have to care much as how people in Africa values it. If one family in America saves their use of water by only 20%, it will give 10 families an access to a freshwater in Africa.A little action makes a huge difference. Religion is another reason why people make actions for the poor. Whether a person believes in God or not, a God does exist. A person can be Christian, Muslim, Buddhist, Shaman, Mormon, or Catholic, but there is only one God. By helping the poor, a person is blessed by the God and he/she feels morally good. There are many people who don’t believe in God on earth, but they will challen ge it once they go to the other world. Some people help to a certain point where they feel that the poor must learn to help themselves.That way, better off people will let the poor understand why they are helping them and how they got to where they are now so that the poor can change themselves. Making actions for the poor should have its boundary, if they are keep being helped; it’s leading them to a harm than a good. Therefore, religion takes a huge part when it comes to make actions for the poor. To go to a better level on the other side of the world, people should follow what God wants them to do which includes try making the worse off a better off. Poverty is unjust.Do we have an obligation to radical inequality? This is a question that is related to moral principles. The better off people do have an obligation to the radical inequality and as I mentioned above, the better off must be responsible trying the worse off to live in a better situation. Because, better off peo ple have been taken more than their fair shares. The combination of empirical fact and moral principle involves suffering but the better off can prevent this from not happening by making actions for the worse off to lift them up.Radical inequality is unjust and it exists but the solution is that the better off must be responsible for making the worse off a better off by not hurting themselves. Pogge’s Global Resource Dividend is not a good solution to prevent poverty in worse off country but as I said this issue will be discussed some other time. Justice requires the solution. If my arguments were convincing, then people should radiate the poor; thinking of their fair shares and because it is part of what God wants us to do to go to a better level on the other side of the world.

E - French Pronunciation of E

The French letter E can be pronounced several different ways — such as the schwa sound, a long A sound, and short E sounds. Below are examples of the different sounds and sound files to hear the way theyre spoken. Examples of the Various E Sounds Like the E in angel (like a schwa) — listen. This sound is often heard in single syllable words like le, me, etc.Like the vowel sound in weigh except without the y sound at the end — listen. This sound occurs in the following:E with an acute accent: à ©tà ©E in an open syllable (i.e., a syllable that ends in a vowel sound): trajetthe verb endings -er and -ez: manger, veuillez.Like the E in bed — listen. This sound is found in the following:E with a grave accent: exprà ¨sE with a circumflex: tà ªteE followed by a double consonant: belleE in a closed syllable (a syllable that ends in a consonant sound): septAn unaccented E at the end of a word is called an E muet and may or may not be pronounced. French Words With E Click on the links below to hear the words pronounced in French: le  (the)à ©tà ©Ã‚  (summer)manger  (to eat)veuillez  (please)exprà ¨s  (on purpose)tà ªte  (head)belle  (beautiful)sept  (seven)

Worldcom Ethical Dilemma - 979 Words

In 1998, Betty Vinson was promoted to a senior manager in the firm’s corporate accounting division. Two years later in her position she experienced a major ethical dilemma. The company WorldCom was a very successful company up until the middle of 2000 when the telecommunication industry entered a protracted slump. The company’s earnings were not Wall Street expectations, and it was saddled with unpaid bills. Vinson’s job was to repair the problem by doing some wrong accounting practices. The ethical dilemma is weather she should or shouldn’t do and the consequences if she does or doesn’t do. What ethical decision should Betty Vinson take? The first right decision is to do the wrong accounting practice. Vinson was told that it was only†¦show more content†¦The WorldCom employees could loose their jobs and causing higher unemployment. Other businesses could loose they’re jobs too if they had strong relationship with WorldCom. The picture would not look good for the community as a whole. The members of the board would feel guilty not seeing this mistake in their hands of power. The members of the board would leave the shareholders empty handed. All of this could occur if Vinson decided not to take any part of wrongdoing. WorldCom would have no chance producing revenue and therefore it would go bankrupt. The right decision I personally would make, would be the second decision-making. The reason for this action is because I care about my status and not off others. I care that I do not commit any White Collar Crime. My belief is that sooner or later the actions will be caught and I do not want to be part of it. I am pretty sure that I could find another job somewhere else with a great history of a job position. My primary virtue is to do the right thing. I hate doing something that I believe is not fair and unethical. I could not accept being a senior manager to Director of Management Reporting, when I know how wrongfully I did my previous job. I care what I love, and that is my family. If my wife urged me to quit the job, I would give thoughts about it but still agree with her. The ability to make my family happy is far more important than the employees at work.Show MoreRelatedCorporate Ethics and the Employee1555 Words   |  6 PagesCorporate Ethics and the Employee Introduction The WorldCom case presents two different responses to WorldComs financial difficulties. Betty Vinson acted unethically and illegally, was caught and was punished for it. Cynthia Cooper acted ethically and legally, was recognized and lauded for it. While their ethical positions might initially seem simple, the reality is complex. Likenesses of Betty Vinson and Cynthia Cooper On the face of this situation, there are many likenesses between VinsonRead MoreThe Concepts of Ethics and Social Responsibility866 Words   |  4 Pagesrational. 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Ironic Twist in Shirely Jackson´s The Lottery Essay

What makes stories special is the ability to portray meaning between the lines. Every author has their own characteristics and spin that they incorporate into each of their pieces. These can include character genre, symbolism, plot structure, and irony. Shirley Jackson writes an ironic story about a small village who partakes in an annual lottery. The village looks forward to this day and moods are always high. However when the reader gets to the end of the short story they are shocked to find the lottery is a drawing for who in the village gets stoned to death. In The Lottery, Jackson surprises her readers by putting an ironic twist at the end of her tale, by filling the story with warming articulation, light hearted characters, but†¦show more content†¦Another method Jackson uses is making the characters seem excited and joyful. After the kids arrive, the men begin to gather, talking about planting and rain, tractors and taxes, normal everyday topics that men typically discuss. Next, the women begin to arrive, greeting each other and exchanging gossip. The scene Jackson is painting for the reader is of a common, ordinary gathering of the village like a town meeting only with something exciting about to happen. The town people are all standing around waiting for the lottery, talking, laughing, and carrying on. This is all part of the irony of Jackson’s story. Jackson creates these normal, happy scenarios like when Mrs. Hutchinson and Mrs. Delacroix were talking. It says that the two women â€Å"laughed softly,† after exchanging a joke (Jackson n.d.). This is another example that Jackson uses to make the reader believe the day is not overly important. The next light hearted segment we see in the text is when Mr. Adams goes to draw from the lottery. Mr. Adams goes to the stand where Mr. Summers is and they greet each other by first name. It concludes this interaction by saying, â€Å"They grinned at one another humorlessly† (Ja ckson n.d.). Jackson makes this drawing so nonchalant that the reader at this point is dying to understand what great reward is awaiting the winner of the lottery. Now the reader finds what the winner of the lottery

Hr Practice and Corporate Governance in Nigeria Case Study of Mtn Nigeria free essay sample

RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1. INTRODUCTION We might perhaps begin with an acknowledgement of the fact that capitalism is on the ropes all over the world. The observation by the one time British Prime Minister Ted Heath on the â€Å"ugly and unacceptable face of capitalism† , following the indiscretions of Tiny Rowlands in relation to the management of Lonrho in the 1970s may appear today somewhat feeble and tepid in the light of the trauma that capitalism has been enduring in the recent pass. The Global crisis of capitalism which has since come to be described as the â€Å"the global meltdown†, has necessitated the re-invention or re-configuration of the capitalist system if it not to expire. Whether it is called a stimulus, bailout, or recovery package, the truth of the matter is that throwing money at the current crisis without interrogating and identifying its underlining causes can only guarantee temporary relief (Oyebode 2009). The whole world is thrown into a state of confusion and gloom because of board schecism and corporate abracatadabra. The bottom line of the problem is that we have failed to embrace corporate governance. The issue of recruitment has also been lopsided. Without much ado, with all the recent happenings in our corporate world and the national economy we are left with no other choice than the weapon of corporate governance and recruitment that will see merit above mediocrity. 1. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The issue of corporate governance and Human Resource Management has gained prominence in the world of work over the time because of its importance and its effect in the neglect (Oyebode 2009). We do not need go far before we see the menace of the neglect of this two great weapon. Bad Human Resources Management has killed a lot of company. Lack of good corporate governance has made a lot of organization to buckle under. They have failed to rise up where others have risen. Corporation creates jobs, generate tax income, produce a wide array of goods and services at reasonable prices, and increasingly manage our savings and secure our retirement income. Amid growing reliance worldwide on the private sector, the issue of corporate governance has similarly risen in prominence. The recent financial crises all over the world and particular in our industries have made amply clear why the issues of transparency and accountability in corporate governance are so important to investors confidence and to overall national economic performance. Avil (1998) said before you can get good corporate governance in an organization, the organization must be filled with the right people, in the right mix and at the right time, doing the right job always. He therefore linked corporate governance with personnel management. Human Resources Management itself is the branch or function of management that is responsible for identifying workers, attracting and getting such workers to join and stay in the organization, placing them in suitable position, motivating them, remunerating them and helping them to work together and to grow. Obasan (2002) concluded that for an organization to be what it ought to be , both corporate governance and Human Resources Management must work synergetic ally. Ekpeyong (2004) said one key element in improving economic efficiency and organization productivity is corporate governance, which involves a set of relationships between a company’s management, its Board, Shareholders and other stakeholders. 2. RESEARCH QUESTION The research question of the study will include: †¢ What is good corporate governance? †¢ What is Human Resource Management? †¢ What is the nexus between corporate and Human Resource Management? †¢ How do you measure national development and economic growth? Does corporate governance and Human Resource Management enhance productivity and national development? †¢ Who is responsible for corporate governance within an organization? 3. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS †¢ There is no direct relationship between corporate governance and human resource management in enhancing national growth †¢ There is a direct relationship between corporate governance and human resource management in enhancing nationa l growth †¢ Good human resource management practice does not enhance organization productivity Good human resource management practice enhance organization productivity 4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY If there is any problem that is hampering growth and productivity in our organization and national development, they are these two important factors we are considering today. This is corporate governance and human resource management. Human resource management has either made or mars many organizations. Many use the rule of the thumbs, many engage in partial recruitment and sentimental selection. The end result of this faulty recruitment is not far fetched. Over 45% of our industries are producing below their installed capacity. Many lack innovation and initiation. All we see about today is imitation and piracy. The problem that could be associated with this is that many of our organization are not filled with those who can do the job. The people who can give everything to achieve something. Productivity level is low and porous; organization problem keeps on increasing unabated and uncontrolled. National development is undesirable and could not take us anywhere. That brings about the major reason of considering this topic. We want to look at a means of ensuring a good corporate governance , putting a better human management in place and both combined together to enhance organization and national development. 5. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of the study among others includes: †¢ To determine the effect of corporate governance on organization and national development †¢ To determine the effect of human resource management on organization and national development †¢ To determine the relationship between corporate governance and human resource management as it relate to national development To determine the elements that makes up good human resource management practice †¢ To justify the reason why organization and the nation should adopt corporate governance and good human resource management as a means of organization productivity and national growth. 6. SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY Corporate governance and human resource management is a wide topic to consider, especially in t his case where it is considered in relation to national development. Our extent of study shall be the effect that corporate governance and human resources management can have on national development. The study will also look at the symptom of national growth and the indicator or yardstick of measuring national growth. Though a seemingly herculean task to accomplish. The subject will be the senior management cadre of MTN Nigeria. We are also going to look at their method of reporting, accounting and recruitment process to establish if corporate governance is really in effect within the company. The constrained face in the cause of the research includes: †¢ Time frame for the execution of this research †¢ Contact constraint. This are the challenges faced in meeting with our subject of our case study. Many are evasive, non-cooperating and look too busy to corporate. †¢ Financial and logistics constraints limit the number of questionnaire distributed †¢ Secrecy constraints are the challenge faced trying to look into their accounting record and the proceeding of their annual general meeting. Whether it is in compliance with the codes of corporate governance 7. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MTN NIGERIA LIMITED MTN Nigeria is part of the MTN Group, Africa’s leading cellular telecommunications company. On May 16, 2001, MTN became the first GSM network to make a call following the globally lauded Nigerian GSM auction conducted by the Nigerian Communications Commission earlier in the year. Thereafter the company launched full commercial operations beginning with Lagos, Abuja and Port Harcourt. MTN paid $285m for one of four GSM licenses in Nigeria in January 2001. To date, in excess of US$1. 8 billion has been invested building mobile telecommunications infrastructure in Nigeria. Since launch in August 2001, MTN has steadily deployed its services across Nigeria. It now provides services in 223 cities and towns, more than 10,000 villages and communities and a growing number of highways across the country, spanning the 36 states of the Nigeria and the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. Many of these villages and communities are being connected to the world of telecommunications for the first time ever. The company’s digital microwave transmission backbone, the 3,400 Kilometre Y’elloBahn was commissioned by President Olusegun Obasanjo in January 2003 and is reputed to be the most extensive digital microwave transmission infrastructure in all of Africa. The company subsists on the core brand values of leadership, relationship, integrity, innovation and â€Å"can-do†. It prides itself on its ability to make the impossible possible, connecting people with friends, family and opportunities. MTN Nigeria also recently expanded its network capacity to include a new numbering range with the prefix 0806, making MTN the first GSM network in Nigeria to have adopted an additional numbering system, having exhausted its initial subscriber numbering range 0803. MTN’s overriding mission is to be a catalyst for Nigeria’s economic growth and development, helping to unleash Nigeria’s strong developmental potential not only through the provision of world class communications but also through innovative and sustainable corporate social responsibility initiative 8. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION The concepts used in the research will be defined as follow: †¢ Corporate governance: Refers to the relationship among the Board, the Directors and the top management in determining the direction and performance of any organization. Human Resource Management: Involves all management decisions and actions that affect the nature of the relationship between the organization and its employees or human resources as the case may be. †¢ Corporate Governance Code: It is the guide and principles of relationship among the industrial stakeholders. †¢ Stakeholders: Are those who are by virtue of their location or better still relationships connected with the operations of the organization. †¢ Shareholders: Are the owners of the organization †¢ Board of Directors: Are the set of people at the highest hierarchy of the organization that check, ratify the decision of management. REFERENCES †¢ O. B Fagbohungbe (2003) the dynamics of corporate governance and policy monitoring. Paper delivered at the Institute of Corporate and Business Affairs Management (ICBAM) †¢ Martin Check (1998) Principles of corporate governance. Harvard Business Review. HBS Press †¢ Folayan Ojo (2006) Personnel Management: Theories and Issue; Panaf Publishing inc, Lagos †¢ Donald J. Johnson (2004) OECD Principles of Corporate Governance. OECD Publication Services, Paris †¢ Joseph Sanusi (2002) Promoting good corporate governance: Issues and challenges. Keynote address delivered at the Annual Directors Seminar organized by FITC, Abuja

The U-2 Essays - Black Projects, Signals Intelligence,

The U-2 The U-2 CIA ? Air Force Reasons: Soviet air defense was aggressive April 8, 1950 ? USSR shot down a US Privateer over Baltic Autumn 1951 ? USSR downed a Twin-Engine Navy Neptune bomber June 13 1952 ? USSR allegedly downed a RB-29 Also scattered reports from Britain and Turkey After USSR backed N. Korea fear of USSR expansion grew Development: Civilian or Air Force? After many letters the decision for who to run development came from president Eisenhower who instructed that if a uniformed test pilot was captured in USSR in peacetime problems would arouse so a civilian team was called for development. Funding I would like to note that this segment in many reports was covered with black marker You try to read a sentence blacked out like this s and understand it. The Team James R. Killian, Jr. Director of Scientist --- President of MIT His team of engineers worked no more that 50 feet from the assembly line. Problems were recognized and fixed in a few hours of draft productions. The Place Lockheed Martin's Advanced Development facility in Burbank, CA AKA Skunk Works The Plane: The design called for a lightweight aircraft for ultrahigh flight. Tail The long tail was bolted to the body was only 3 bolts. This design was similar to a sailplane, which is also known for its lightweight. Wings The wing spar went through the fuselage. The panels were bolted to the side of the fuselage. (Sailplane) Amazingly the wings where integrated fuel tanks keeping almost all of the U-2's fuel. Nose and Landing Gear The nose was curved upwards to keep stabilized during wind gusts. (Sailplane) The landing was a complex set of bicycle like gears that weight 208 pounds but had the capability to withstand the touchdown of a 7-ton aircraft. Camera After developing 2 cameras each too large or too heavy a camera a camera was then developed using 3 mirrors and a prism to meet the size and weight requirements of the U-2 ?Spacesuits? One of the first partially pressurized suits for high altitude flight was developed for specifically for the U-2. The cockpit kept a constant pressure 28,000 ft. This was at an outside pressure of a ?window cracking' 70,000 feet or more. If the pressure suddenly decreased the suit would automatically inflate and administrate oxygen to the pilot. (Blood boils after 65,000ft) Fuel The CIA called on the vice president of Shell Oil Co. to make a low-volatility, low-vapor kerosene fuel. A fuel with the boiling point of 300?F Security I wish I could fly like an eagle to the see fly like and eagle like my spirits carry me I want to fly. Right into the future ? I want to fly again. Over flights: First The first over flight of the U-2 was over Leningrad. Its target was to observe ship and submarines at bay. The Soviets caught glimpses of the U-2 but never accurately recognized the neither plane nor flight path. The USSR sent a letter to the White House describing the detection a Twin-Engine Navy Neptune bomber over USSR. The USSR was grossly wrong in the description of the U-2 and could not sustain the U-2 on radar for more than a few seconds. Nevertheless Eisenhower closed all over flights Renewal Eisenhower later renewed the U-2 program. But after taking pictures of Yerevan, USSR, The aircraft malfunctioned, and was forced to return to base. In another flight a pilot nick-named the ?Lemon Drop Kick' was to fly over Bulgaria. The reason he was called that was because he always sucked on lemon hard candies during flight. But on that day the solider suiting him up put a L-pill in his pocket, unknowingly with the hard candies. L-pill being a suicide pill filled with potassium cyanide. He took off and started to eat his candy. He felt one of the pills had no flavor. Without biting into it he removed his faceplate and spit it out. The pilot was fine, but a thin glass coating away from death. More flights over the USSR west border were conducted with target cites and testing areas. Operation GRAND SLAM, the last over flight The flight was the first transit over the Soviet Union, all previous flight flew halfway in then turned around and retraced it's flight. The flight would have been sooner, but the weather did not permit it. So CIA asked for more time. President Eisenhower demanded that no flights to