History of Papermaking From Papyrus to Dixie Cups

History of Papermaking From Papyrus to Dixie Cups The word paper is derived from the name of the reedy plant papyrus, which grows abundantly along the Nile River in Egypt. However, true paper is made of pulped cellulose fibers like wood, cotton or flax. First There Was Papyrus Papyrus is made from the sliced sections of the flower stem of the papyrus plant, pressed together and dried, and then used from writing or drawing. Papyrus appeared in Egypt around 2400 B.C. Then There Was Paper A courtier named Tsai-Lun, from Lei-yang in China, was the first recorded inventor of paper circa 105 A.D. Tsai-Lun presented paper and a papermaking process to the Chinese Emperor and that was noted in the imperial court records. There may have been papermaking in China earlier than the above date, but inventor Tsai-Lun did much for the spread of papermaking technology in China. Chinese Papermaking The ancient Chinese first made paper in the following fashion. Plant fibers such as hemp were soaked and beaten into a sludgeThe sludge was strained through a cloth sieve attached to a frame that also served as a drying platform for the resulting paper Newsprint Charles Fenerty of Halifax made the first paper from wood pulp (newsprint) in 1838. Charles Fenerty was helping a local paper mill maintain an adequate supply of rags to make paper when he succeeded in making paper from wood pulp. He neglected to patent his invention and others did patent papermaking processes based on wood fiber. Corrugated Papermaking - Cardboard In 1856, Englishmen, Healey and Allen, received a patent for the first corrugated or pleated paper. The paper was used to line mens tall hats. American, Robert Gair promptly invented the corrugated cardboard box in 1870. These were pre-cut flat pieces manufactured in bulk that opened up and folded into boxes. On December 20, 1871, Albert Jones of New York NY, patented a stronger corrugated paper (cardboard) used as a shipping material for bottles and glass lanterns. In 1874, G. Smyth built the first single sided corrugated board making machine. Also in 1874, Oliver Long improved upon the Jones patent and invented a lined corrugated cardboard. Paper Bags The first recorded historical reference to grocery paper bags was made in 1630. The use of paper sacks only really started to take off during the Industrial Revolution: between 1700 and 1800. Margaret Knight (1838-1914) was an employee in a paper bag factory when she invented a new machine part to make square bottoms for paper bags. Paper bags had been more like envelopes before. Knight can be considered the mother of the grocery bag, she founded the Eastern Paper Bag Company in 1870. On February 20, 1872, Luther Crowell also patented a machine that manufactured paper bags. Paper Plates Paper foodservice disposables products were first made at the beginning of the 20th century. The paper plate was the first single-use foodservice product invented in 1904. Dixie Cups Hugh Moore was an inventor who owned a paper cup factory, located next door to the Dixie Doll Company. The word Dixie was printed on the doll companys front door. Moore saw the word every day, which reminded him of dixies, the ten-dollar bank notes from a New Orleans bank that had the French word dix printed on the face of the bill. The bank had a great reputation in the early 1800s. Moore decided that dixies was a great name. After getting permission from his neighbor to use the name, he renamed his paper cups Dixie Cups. It should be mentioned that Moores paper cups first invented in 1908 were originally called health cups and replaced the single repeat-use metal cup that had been used with water fountains.

Jameson (2007) has defined geography as one of the possible components Essay

Jameson (2007) has defined geography as one of the possible components of cultural identity needed for cross cultural communicat - Essay Example The operations of a multinational corporation are often performed in a multicultural environment and their successes require the managers to have deeper insights about these forces. The managers of such organization cannot succeed in the global market if they only have an understanding of their domestic cultures (Becker, 2000, p.2). One of the components that constitute the culture of a group is the geographical location. This paper focuses on geography as determinant of culture as well as how managers can utilize it in corporate management. Thesis Geography is an important component culture that has to be considered when planning operational strategies like products/ services promotion, setting prices, advertising or market segmentation. The Culture of a Group of Individuals The culture of a particular group of people defines the way of life that is practiced by these people. It entails the social laws, values, beliefs, and practices that are considered appropriate for life among a given group of people. It has been termed as the ‘coherent, learned, shared view of a group of people about life’s concern that ranks what is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropriate, and dictates behavior’ (Jameson, 2007, p.210). The individuals in a given geographical location will tend to share beliefs and values that define their culture. The culture will define what the group of individuals consider right or wrong and it provides a check to the acceptable behavior of the individuals within the group. The culture of a particular group of people can emerge from different dimensions. It can be defined biologically, geographically, by the language, at places of work (vocation), through a social class, or based on some philosophical principles (Jameson, 2007, p.210). The culture of a given community also affects the consumer behavior in the community (Onkvisit and Shaw, 2008, p.185). The language as another important component of culture i s very influential in the ability of individuals to interact in a multicultural environment. As one traverses across cultures, he will experience tone variations in different language, ethnic or racial groups. An individual that is to operate in such diverse cultural settings is required to be conversant with the language perceptions in these distinct groups. Geography as a key Component of Culture Geography is an important component of culture that has to be considered by businesses that operate on the global scene. It has been noted that the culture of a given group of individuals can be defined by different factors. The geographical location of a group of people is one important component of their culture that creates distinct cultural groups. Individuals can develop a given culture because they are of the same nationality (Jameson, 2007, p.213). Similarly, within the national boundaries are further differences that may reflect on the culture. The way of life of individuals in a given region within a country can be significantly different from the way of life in another part of the country. The life style in the cities and other urban regions in a given country may not be the same as the life style in the rural areas. The attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors of these groups of individuals often differ. Such

No topic 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

No topic 8 - Essay Example Establishment of friendships is important for all children since it teaches them the importance of others in their lives. They learn to understand what others are like and how to please them. This is an important aspect of positive behavior. They learn to communicate with each other and understand others’ beliefs, attitudes and standards. They learn to respect their peers and teachers. This respectfulness makes them achieve good place in the eyes of their educators. They also learn to share things and enjoy being a part of a collaborative environment. They learn to be compassionate toward others and be honest with their work and belongings. They learn to understand each others’ perspectives. These are all the attributes of a caring classroom community where the main focus of the educators is to inculcate in the children the best interpersonal and social skills so that they are able to help themselves out of any difficult situation they might encounter within the school premises and are able to learn best lessons which they can apply to their family lives

Overseas Market Entry Methods Essay Example for Free

Overseas Market Entry Methods Essay Advantages and Disadvantages First method includes: 1)Direct Export the organization produces their product in their home market and then sells them to customers overseas 2)Indirect Export the organizations sells their product to a third party who then sells it on within the foreign market Another less risky market entry method is licensing. Here the Licensor will grant an organization in the foreign market a license to produce the product, use the brand name etc in return that they will receive a royalty payment. ( ex. Coca-Cola) Franchising Franchising is another form of licensing. Here the organisation puts together a package of the ‘successful’ ingredients that made them a success in their home market and then franchise this package to oversea investors. The Franchise holder may help out by providing training and marketing the services or product. McDonalds is a popular example of a Franchising option for expanding in international markets. Manufacturing Abroad The ultimate decision to sell abroad is the decision to establish a manufacturing plant in the host country. The government of the host country may give the organization some form of tax advantage because they wish to attract inward investment to help create employment for their economy. Joint Venture is a cooperation of foreign and local investors of the capital in order to create a local business that they own and manage jointly. Subsidiary is a company that is completely or partly owned and partly or wholly controlled by another company that owns more than half of the subsidiarys stock. The subsidiary can be a company, corporation, or limited liability company. In some cases it is a government or state-owned enterprise. The controlling entity is called its parent company, parent, or holding company. And the end I would like to focus your attention on the chart. You can see advantages and disadvantages of each method. Thank you for attention, if you have questions, you are welcome.

Social Constructs :: Sociology

Social Construct influences the extent in which we are healthy and physically active. It determines how we use health services, recreational facilities and sporting opportunities to our benefits. It also guides our response to health and physical activity challenges and how an individual views health as a social construct. The advantages of viewing health of an individual through social constructs have many reasons. Some being that it supports principles of diversity and social justice. Australia is diverse in terms of multiculturalism, socio-economic status and geographic location. Socio-economic status relates how much the individuals income is, their employment status, car/home ownership or their knowledge about health. Being geographically isolated means not having access to available health services. It is taken into account so that the individual has a sense of belonging and empowerment to improve their health. The individual should have a supportive environment so that changes can occur for the better and to ensure the individual develops a sense of ownership for their health. Another advantage would be that is recognises the interrelationships between socio-cultural and environmental factors that influence social constructs. Many cultural and environmental factors impact and influence in individual?s health. Some of these may include, the climatic conditions, physical environment which influences the health of the individual and what society and culture expects of them. Climatic conditions can have a big impact of an individual?s health because of the decreasing amount of space to do physical activity. Final advantage is that it challenges the notion that health is solely an individual?s responsibility. For improvements to be made in health, the individual has to take full responsibility and to agree that they are to be blamed for their poor health levels. Through influences of social constructs the individual should make informed decisions regarding their health and should be more motivated to facilitate change.

Global Resource Dividend

Pogge argues that the world poverty is morally required and that we fail to fulfill our negative duties relating the global poor. However, Pogge’s advisability on the solution of the global poverty is not good for moral problem but this view will be discussed some other time on a different paper. Poggie gives three main approaches to the global poverty to convince people to let them know that poverty is bad and that people must make actions to go against the poverty.The three approaches are 1) the effects of shared institutions, 2) uncompensated exclusion from the use of natured resources 3) the effects of a common and violent history and they are all compatible with each other. They basically require that better off people are responsible to make actions to make worse off people better. Throughout this essay, I will be defending and focusing on the view of injustice of radical inequality which not only does it exist but also is unjust. This view goes with the Second approach, which is compatible with redeems, and the rest of the approaches will be left for another time.Poverty is avoidable but there are many moral reasons we can prevent or make the poverty that we have on earth less. Radical inequality and responsibility are part of the many reasons why people face poverty in the world. Pogge gives five elements of the radical inequality, which each are defined below. 1) â€Å"The worse-off are very badly off in absolute terms†- People who belong to this term are not comparable to anybody. They are extremely bad off. They almost have no access to anything; healthcare, food, etc which lead to a death. Why do we have such big groups of people in this term?First, because of the government, institutions and the people themselves. Government does not support those poor people as much as they should. Government does not provide health care for this people. Government does not give enough food for this people. Government does not make enough actions to become powerful. Why? Because the leaders get the money and be better off by themselves. Not only does the government affects this poverty but also the people have no motivation to become better off. Since their lives are horrible, some people give up on their lives and become unmotivated. ) They are also very badly off in relative term-Africa is an example of this term, which they are worse off than America. Some kids are born in a poor family and they continue to be poor for the rest of their lives in Africa. Because of the parents are poor, they don’t usually do better than how their parents do. Kids are unable to go to school to get an education, which an education is actually the key to a better life. Since they don’t get a chance to go to school, kids work under harsh conditions in absolute terms.Whereas, the kids in the US are better off than those in Africa. They go to college, get an education and try to achieve success. They have the base for a better life. H owever, the kids in Africa don’t even have the base to live better off. 3) â€Å"The inequality is impervious: it is difficult or impossible for the worse-off substantially to improve their lot; and most of the better-off never experience life at the bottom for even a few months and have no vivid idea of what it is like to live in that way† (Pogge, pg 60)- This is very true.First, nothing improves rapidly, usually takes certain time to become better. Africa is the example of that as well. If Africa gets a donation on the amount of preventing its poverty, it doesn’t mean they will totally become a better off nation. They will more likely face the poverty again in the next few years. In order to understand this term, the better off people should imagine putting themselves in worse off people’s situation and think how it would be like for them. For example, my father was in a worse off life when he was very young. He had 4 sisters and a brother.My grandmothe r raised all of them by herself since my grandfather passed away at an age of 33. They were all raised in poverty. My dad hated to live in that situation so he tried so hard to get over that horrible poverty. My dad always tells his young life story to us which he would go mountains to pick some onions and sell it to the people at the market. Poverty is avoidable, it in one point depends on the person whether he will walk forward or stay poor. Therefore, from my father’s true story, I kind of have sense of how bad the poverty is and that we must follow our positive duty. ) â€Å"The inequality is pervasive: it concerns not merely some aspects of life, such as the climate or access to natural beauty or high culture, but most aspects or all†. (Poggie, pg 60) 5) â€Å"The inequality is avoidable: the better off can improve the circumstances of the worse-off without becoming badly-off themselves. †. (Poggie, pg 60). Yes, the inequality is avoidable. However, people who have a better life than those worse-off should take responsibility to make worse off a better off. Every human kind should live fairly. There should not be inequality among us.For example, today I was in my Environmental Studies class and there was the fact that Canada has 0. 5% of the world’s population but uses 20% of the world’s fresh water. On the other hand, China owns 19% of the world’s population and uses 7% of the world’s fresh water. We definitely can see the inequality here that makes Pogge’s 5th element of radical inequality accurate. Radical inequality not only does it exist, but also it is unjust. According to Pogge’s research, among six billion human beings, 790 million lack adequate nutrition, one billion lack access to safe water, 2. billion lack basic sanitation and two hundred and fifty million children who are between 5-14 years old work under harsh or cruel conditions. (Pogge, pg 60). Pogge gives two ways of conceivin g global poverty, which are positive duty and negative duty. Positive duty is basically when we think that we must make actions for others whereas negative duty is we must not make actions for others. If we are better off, we have to follow the positive duty to make others who are worse off to make them better off without hurting ourselves.In Africa, some people don’t even have an access to fresh water whereas we, in the US, waste the fresh water a lot by not knowing its beneficent value. Instead of wasting that valuable water, why don’t we let those worse off use it? We are all living under the same God, thus we have to live evenly. However, some will think, why should I have to help a stranger and give away from my own life to someone who doesn’t belong to me at all? This is not the case and that the person is violating the positive duty. Helping someone in need is not just helping; we make a whole difference to his life.If we put ourselves in that person†™s shoes; can’t drink fresh water, no opportunity to work, always stay starving, always distressed, can’t even sleep restfully, and so much more negative things, it is totally horrible and no one would want to live in that situation. Therefore, the stranger or whatever is not the case. We have to make actions for poor to make them better off by thinking what if it was we who lived in that situation. Radical inequality is unjust and it is wrong. The better off people have been taken more than their fair share.If there is a full of diamond inside the cave and that doesn’t belong to anybody, the better off try to take all of them, instead trying to share with other worse off people. It doesn’t mean that they can’t take what they want, but they also have to leave some for others as well so that the other people can live better than living worse off. In that way, the worse will not be living unjustly badly off. A better off and a worse off stand in fr ont of the giant box with a full of jewelries and that the better off grabs them all, giving nothing to a worse off.The rich guy will keep it and die at the end by only living better off by himself. The worse off ends up starving and suffering. Instead of that, if the better off also gives some from the jewelries to the worse off, then he will keep the poor from suffer and starvation by not hurting himself. Therefore, if someone is not becoming worse off himself, then he must make actions to share with the worse off. Radical Inequality exists all over the world and it is bad. The people in Bengali suffer from hunger or chronic undernutrition because they cannot grow or buy enough food to meet their basic needs.In addition, those people suffer from chronic malnutrition, which is a deficiency of protein that makes them weak and vulnerable to diseases. Due to that, 250,000-500,000 children who are younger than 6 years old go blind every year because of a lack of Vitamin A and more than half of those kids die after a year. On the other hand, 68% of the Americans are overweight and they have problems with overnutririon, which happens due to an excessive energy use, or body fat. In the world, approximately, 925 million people have health problems because of not enough nutrition, whereas about 1. billion people face health problems because they get excessive nutrition and fat. Therefore, those who are under overnutrition die due to heart diseases, stroke etc. The injustice of the inequality is definitely shown in this example and we can see how bad it is. Instead, why not overnutrition people make actions for those undernutrition people, because the overnutrition people are not hurting or becoming worse off by themselves but helping to get healthier. This is the part of the current situations that are taking place in the world and is unjust.I am going to convince you by giving my claim that why you should give away to the worse off to make them better off. It is the responsibility of the better offs to make worse off to live better and the better off people must consider this seriously. Since the better off owns what is not owned by anybody by not leaving some for the worse off, then they must take responsibiltity for the worse off or take only some from their fair shares. Why judge a poor by lazy? People in Africa are not lazy but they do not have the base to live better.Due to the famine, a lot of people get serious diseases and become disabled to work. It doesn’t mean they are lazy to work. They don’t get enough health care to prevent their diseases or have good hospitals that make treatments for them. Africa doesn’t even get enough access to a freshwater for all their citizens. Whereas, people in Canada, America waste the water while brushing their tooth, having shower, or even watering their gardens. As I mentioned above, Canada owns only 0. 5% of the world’s population but uses 20% of the world’s fresh w ater.Instead, people in Canada must take responsibility to reduce their use of fresh water and let the worse off use it efficiently. People in well-developed countries just don’t really know the value of the water and also because the government does not charge the water with its external costs, people think that the water is there all the time they need and they don’t have to care much as how people in Africa values it. If one family in America saves their use of water by only 20%, it will give 10 families an access to a freshwater in Africa.A little action makes a huge difference. Religion is another reason why people make actions for the poor. Whether a person believes in God or not, a God does exist. A person can be Christian, Muslim, Buddhist, Shaman, Mormon, or Catholic, but there is only one God. By helping the poor, a person is blessed by the God and he/she feels morally good. There are many people who don’t believe in God on earth, but they will challen ge it once they go to the other world. Some people help to a certain point where they feel that the poor must learn to help themselves.That way, better off people will let the poor understand why they are helping them and how they got to where they are now so that the poor can change themselves. Making actions for the poor should have its boundary, if they are keep being helped; it’s leading them to a harm than a good. Therefore, religion takes a huge part when it comes to make actions for the poor. To go to a better level on the other side of the world, people should follow what God wants them to do which includes try making the worse off a better off. Poverty is unjust.Do we have an obligation to radical inequality? This is a question that is related to moral principles. The better off people do have an obligation to the radical inequality and as I mentioned above, the better off must be responsible trying the worse off to live in a better situation. Because, better off peo ple have been taken more than their fair shares. The combination of empirical fact and moral principle involves suffering but the better off can prevent this from not happening by making actions for the worse off to lift them up.Radical inequality is unjust and it exists but the solution is that the better off must be responsible for making the worse off a better off by not hurting themselves. Pogge’s Global Resource Dividend is not a good solution to prevent poverty in worse off country but as I said this issue will be discussed some other time. Justice requires the solution. If my arguments were convincing, then people should radiate the poor; thinking of their fair shares and because it is part of what God wants us to do to go to a better level on the other side of the world.

E - French Pronunciation of E

The French letter E can be pronounced several different ways — such as the schwa sound, a long A sound, and short E sounds. Below are examples of the different sounds and sound files to hear the way theyre spoken. Examples of the Various E Sounds Like the E in angel (like a schwa) — listen. This sound is often heard in single syllable words like le, me, etc.Like the vowel sound in weigh except without the y sound at the end — listen. This sound occurs in the following:E with an acute accent: à ©tà ©E in an open syllable (i.e., a syllable that ends in a vowel sound): trajetthe verb endings -er and -ez: manger, veuillez.Like the E in bed — listen. This sound is found in the following:E with a grave accent: exprà ¨sE with a circumflex: tà ªteE followed by a double consonant: belleE in a closed syllable (a syllable that ends in a consonant sound): septAn unaccented E at the end of a word is called an E muet and may or may not be pronounced. French Words With E Click on the links below to hear the words pronounced in French: le  (the)à ©tà ©Ã‚  (summer)manger  (to eat)veuillez  (please)exprà ¨s  (on purpose)tà ªte  (head)belle  (beautiful)sept  (seven)